{"ModuleCode":"EC3382","ModuleTitle":"Transport Economics I","Department":"Economics","ModuleDescription":"This course builds on basic microeconomic theories and concepts and extends the theory to deal with the idiosyncrasies of the transport sector. For example, the concept of \"price\" is generalized to include the value of time to the traveller. The demand for transporting freight is explained using the theory of the derived demand for an input, but the impact of modern approaches to management (e.g. logistics) is considered. Just as the concept of \"price\" requires modification, \"output\" too has many dimensions. In particular, this course will examine ways in which transport firms derive economies of scale when they operate in a network. It covers concepts of price discrimination, social cost benefit analysis and regulation. The course also uses case studies to provide important insights into the economics and management of different parts of the transport sector.","ModuleCredit":"4","Workload":"0-3-0-3-4","Prerequisite":"EC2101 and (EC2104 or any MA module that is not MA1301/MA1301FC or MA1311 or MA1312 or MA1421)","ExamDate":"2015-08-01T09:00+0800","Types":["Module","UEM"],"Lecturers":["Button, Kenneth John"],"IVLE":[{"Announcements":null,"Forums":[],"Workbins":[],"Webcasts":[],"Gradebooks":[],"Polls":[],"Multimedia":[],"LessonPlan":[],"ID":"8f0ca7ac-82f0-46e4-bc9f-5aa931328c1b","CourseLevel":"1","CourseCode":"EC3382","CourseName":"TRANSPORT ECONOMICS I","CourseDepartment":"","CourseSemester":"Semester 4","CourseAcadYear":"2014/2015","CourseOpenDate":"/Date(1432137600000+0800)/","CourseOpenDate_js":"2015-05-21T00:00:00","CourseCloseDate":"/Date(1438444740000+0800)/","CourseCloseDate_js":"2015-08-01T23:59:00","CourseMC":"0","isActive":"Y","Permission":"S","Creator":{"UserID":null,"Name":"Salinah Binte Zuber","Email":null,"Title":null,"UserGuid":"359fd585-d6ff-49ea-97ea-d8c0cf4c8050","AccountType":null},"hasGradebookItems":false,"hasTimetableItems":true,"hasGroupsItems":false,"hasClassGroupsForSignUp":false,"hasGuestRosterItems":false,"hasClassRosterItems":true,"hasWeblinkItems":false,"hasLecturerItems":true,"hasDescriptionItems":true,"hasReadingItems":false,"hasAnnouncementItems":false,"hasProjectGroupItems":false,"hasProjectGroupsForSignUp":false,"hasConsultationItems":false,"hasConsultationSlotsForSignUp":false,"hasLessonPlanItems":false,"Badge":0,"BadgeAnnouncement":0,"WebLinks":[],"Lecturers":[{"ID":"34f8117f-c9a7-4231-ba50-930215b1b063","User":{"UserID":null,"Name":"Button, Kenneth John","Email":null,"Title":null,"UserGuid":"cfdeac3b-1bfe-499f-bd37-b4d0a9dfe4c2","AccountType":null},"Role":"Visiting Professor ","Order":1,"ConsultHrs":null}],"Descriptions":[{"ID":"2e5f053b-8835-4692-be49-41f07234cfff","Title":"Prerequisites","Description":"EC2101 and (EC2104 or any MA module that is not MA1301/MA1301FC or MA1311 or MA1312 or MA1421)","Order":2},{"ID":"6e5f053b-8835-4692-be49-41f07234cfff","Title":"Syllabus","Description":"EC3382 Transport Economics I
\r\nSummer 2015
\r\n 
\r\n
\r\nThursday 2.00 pm to 6.00 pm (AS6-0214)
\r\n
\r\nFriday 10.00am to 1.00pm (AS6-0214)
\r\n 
\r\nProfessor: Kenneth Button Office: To be determined
\r\nEmail: kbutton@gmu.edu
\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nBACKGROUND
\r\nTransport is a major industry in its own right but also supplies important inputs into other sectors. It also influences land-use patterns and the pace of economic development. This course provides a basis for understanding the economics of the transport system and, in particular, how transportation relates to urban, regional, and national development.
\r\n 
\r\nThe course does not focus on any particular mode of transportation, but rather treats transport generically, although for illustrative purposes a number of case studies will look at specific modal examples. These case studies will, for instance, cover such things as urban traffic congestion (automobiles), subsidies (urban transit), infrastructure appraisal (road networks), social cost pricing (automobiles) and economic regulation (airlines and rail freight). In this sense the course is very much one grounded in applied economics rather than a course in economics theory.
\r\n 
\r\nThe course is primarily based in microeconomics, and hence looks at both the demand and the supply-side of transportation, but it also considers the interface of transportation economics with other disciplines such as civil engineering, operations research and human geography. But it is an economics course and not one in political economy.
\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nTHE COURSE
\r\n 
\r\nI have set out an early and basic reading list intended to provide a range of material that will help in individual assignments as well as being core reading.
\r\n 
\r\nMy introductory book on transport economics – K.J. Button, Transport Economics (3rd Ed.) Edward Elgar will be the backbone of the course– earlier editions have been the standard text for this type of course for many years but will be of no use for the course. I have made the bookshop aware of this.
\r\n 
\r\nThe broad themes and issues that will be covered in the course are set out below. Each week a copy of course power points will be set out in advance by email.
\r\n 
\r\nThere are some articles listed to be read, and these will be added to about a month before the course begins. Most should be available as “e-journals”. There may be some up dating of material as the source progresses. Also I often suggest some current Web site for more popular pieces of interest.
\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nASSESSMENT
\r\nAssessment will involve a mid-term (15%), a final examination (45%) and the preparation of a short topic review paper (25%). There will also be periodic short “tests” (15%). The course will entail classes that include student participation, and “debates”. In addition, I will give out a mock exam about two weeks before the final so that you know what sort of thing you are in for, and I am happy to offer comments individually on your answers if you feel that would help you, but there is no compulsion about this. Equally some small tests will be given out periodically, these can be done or not (they are not graded) but I will give out answers about a week later. The aim is that you know what you are learning, rather than what you think you are learning!
\r\n 
\r\n All assignments etc. will be given out when I have a full list of students.
\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nCLASSES
\r\n 
\r\nTHEME #1 Introduction to Transportation Economics (June 25, 2015)
\r\n 
\r\nThe first part of the initial class will be devoted to introducing the course. It will briefly go over the way economists look at transportation problems, the links between transportation economics and other areas of study, the institutions that influence the ways in which economic concepts are applied to transportation issues. It brings in some of the more recent developments at a basic level (such as the New Institutional Economics) to indicate their relevance for analyzing transportation matters. It also considers some of the difficulties in making use of official data sources.
\r\n 
\r\nTransportation is not an aspatial activity and it is also not wanted in its own right but is linked to the need for movement by firms and individuals. The demand for transportation services is derived from the demand for final goods, services and personal activities, but transportation also influences where these firms locate their activities and where individuals live. It is important to understand the interconnections between these effects to develop an analysis of transport markets.
\r\n\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nTHEME #2 Movement, Transport and Location (June 25, 2015)
\r\n 
\r\nThe initial part of the course will briefly go over the way economists look at transportation problems, the links between transportation economics and other areas of study, the institutions that influence the ways in which economic concepts are applied to transportation issues. It brings in some of the more recent developments at a basic level (such as the New Institutional Economics) to indicate their relevance for analyzing transportation matters. It also considers some of the difficulties in making use of official data sources.
\r\n 
\r\nTransportation is not an aspatial activity and it is also not wanted in its own right but is linked to the need for movement by firms and individuals. The demand for transportation services is derived from the demand for final goods, services and personal activities. Transportation also influences where these firms locate their activities and where individuals live. It is important to understand the interconnections between these effects to develop an analysis of transport markets.
\r\n\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nTHEME #3 The Demand for Transport (June 26, 2015)
\r\nThe demand for transport is a derived one and varies over time (peaks). Understanding the nature of the factors influencing transport demand is important both for the private actors supplying transport services and for government bodies that have responsibility for regulation and control. Key concepts here are both the direct and cross price elasticities of demand and factors that cause shifts in the demand function. The importance of quality considerations is of importance and the concept of generalized costs has a central role to place in demand analysis. In many instances for social aspects of transport have resulted in the notion of demand giving way to that of ‘need’.
\r\n\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nTHEME#4 The Direct Costs of Transportation and Cost Recovery (June 26, 2015)
\r\nTransport supply involves considerable financial costs. The supply function for transportation services is often complex involving economies of scale, scope and density. There are also often significant indivisibilities in the provision of transport infrastructure that make the allocation of costs to users difficult. In particular the notion of fixed costs poses problems when examining scheduled services, and the idea of marginal cost is challenging when there are physical indivisibilities in the supply function. The complexities of the demand and cost functions for transport services make pricing complex. The importance of peak-load pricing and differential- pricing (including two-part tariffs) have long been theoretically recognized as important and the introduction of new information systems and charging technologies has seen important moves at implementation. Most forms of public transportation involve elements of fixed costs that are difficult to recover in competitive markets.
\r\n\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nTHEME#5 The External Costs of Transport and Club Goods (July 2, 2015)
\r\nTransport users interact with each other and create traffic congestion (a club good problem) and impose costs on non-transportation users, including pollution (external costs). Economists seek to understand the underlying courses of these market imperfections and to assess the their resource implications. In particular, they seek to place monetary values on them.
\r\n\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nTHEME#6 Containing the External Costs of Transport  – Congestion (July 2, 2015) Transport has always been regulated to contain some of the worst implications of external effects such as congestion and environmental intrusion. Many of these regulations have been of the command-and-control type (e.g. vehicle bans) but more recently there has been a move at deploying fiscal measures such as road pricing (to optimize congestion) and environmental taxes. Subsidies to less environmental damaging modes of transport (e.g. Metro) are also widely used in many countries.
\r\n\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nTHEME#7 Containing the External Costs of Transport – Pollution (July 2, 2015)
\r\nTransport is a major contributor to local, regional and global pollution. The pollutants take a variety of forms and have distributional as well as efficiency implications. Economists have sought to find effective practical methods of internalizing these costs examining emissions charging, standard setting, and cap-and-trade mechanisms besides others. There are matters of transactions costs to consider as well as those of the implications for interactions between the policies.
\r\n\r\n 
\r\nDEBATE 1
\r\n“The London System of Congestion Charging has been an Economic Failure”
\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nTHEME#8 Investment Criteria – Private and Public Sector Analysis (July 9, 2015)
\r\nTransport infrastructure is generally expensive, long-lived, environmentally intrusive and inflexible. Private sector infrastructure is appraised using conventional financial criteria but public sector infrastructure involves the use of techniques that fall under the generic title of ‘cost- benefit analysis’. The latter is wider and takes a longer view of the implications of investments.
\r\n\r\n 
\r\nDEBATE 2
\r\n“The Economic Techniques for Putting Monetary Values on Environmental Costs have Useful tools in Policy Developments”
\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nTHEME#9 Public-Private Partnerships (July 10, 2015)
\r\nThere have been increasing efforts to combine the advantages of private sector efficiency and public sector objectives within the framework of public private partnerships. The challenges of developing successful PPPs include; incompleteness of contracts, dividing up risk, and allocation of concessions
\r\n\r\n 
\r\nMid-Term Test (i hour)
\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nTHEME#10 Transport Planning and Forecasting (July 16, 2015)
\r\nTransportation is a complicated, network activity that may not be adequately coordinated through the market. Its implications may also extend beyond those that are included in narrow economic notions of efficiency. As a consequence transport is the subject of considerable planning of various kinds. To carry out this effectively, reliable transport forecasts are required and there are a variety of ways in which this may be undertaken, each has its limitations and attributes.
\r\n\r\n\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nTHEME #11 Transportation Economics and Logistics (July 17, 2015)
\r\nThe analysis of optimal supply-chains is very much a matter of maximizing the efficiency of resource allocations and considering the best way of using scarce resources. It is about opportunity costs and thus it about economics and the links are discussed in this class.
\r\n\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nTHEME#12 The Regulation of Transport (July 23, 2015)
\r\nTransport has long been one of the most regulated of sectors because of its strategic importance, the potential for market failures and the potential for using transport to meet wider social and political objectives. More recently there have been moves in many countries to liberalize the economic regulation of transport (e.g. regarding prices, ownership and market entry) while, at the same time tightened, social regulation (e.g. over safety). There have been considerable developments in the economic theories of regulation in recent years.
\r\n\r\n 
\r\nDEBATE 3
\r\n“The Deregulation of US Aviation has Generated Huge Economic Benefits”
\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nTHEME #13 Transportation Policy and International Economics (July 24, 2015)
\r\nTransport economics makes use of a range of economic ideas and concepts to examine the nature of markets in which transport services are provided. It also implicitly forms the basis for most transportation policy, although economic concepts are often misused or abused in this context.is important to understand the general way in which economists view transport. There are various macro-views on transportation strategies (e.g. the Continental versus the Anglo-Saxon). As these views on strategy have changed so have transportation policies in the US. There have also been important macro changes in the application of economics to international transportation (e.g., regarding NAFTA, ASEAN and the European Union).
\r\n\r\n 
\r\nDEBATE 4
\r\n“The Efforts in Asia to Reduce the Adverse Implications of Regulated Transport on International Trade have Failed”
\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nTHEME #14 Creation of the Common Transport policy in Europe (July 30, 2015)
\r\nThe development of a Common Transport Policy within Europe has been taking place over 65 years and is still far from complete. The economic challenges include different macroeconomic philosophies, variations in geography, legacy effects of past investments, and degree of market openness. The current Single European Market still contains serious impediments to the free movements of goods and people.
\r\n\r\n 
\r\nDebate 5
\r\n“There is no Relevance for Singapore in Studying the Transport Economics of Europe”
\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nTHEME#15 Economics of Transport Problems in Developing Countries (July31, 2015)
\r\nThe poorer countries in the world often have some of the worst transport facilities; although the cause and effect are sometimes difficult to disentangle. Many of the problems are simple physical geography, landlocked countries having particular transportation problems, some are to do with human geography as more people leave the rural areas and move into urban areas, other are political in origin. The economic strategies for tackling the types of transportation problems found in developing countries are often different than in higher income regions, in part because of resource constraints but also because of institutional challenges.
\r\n\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nRevision Session
\r\n 
\r\n 
\r\nFINAL EXAMINATION (Saturday, August 1, 2015 from 9:00am to 11.00am)
\r\n 
\r\n","Order":6},{"ID":"3e00acc0-d3d1-4adf-a60e-32c4be30a8a8","Title":"Preclusions","Description":"Nil","Order":9},{"ID":"08391d08-8c86-4aab-909d-2068302ff906","Title":"Workload","Description":"0-3-0-3-4

Workload Components : A-B-C-D-E \r\n
A: no. of lecture hours per week \r\n
B: no. of tutorial hours per week \r\n
C: no. of lab hours per week \r\n
D: no. of hours for projects, assignments, fieldwork etc per week \r\n
E: no. of hours for preparatory work by a student per week","Order":10}],"ReadingFormatted":[],"ReadingUnformatted":[]}],"Timetable":[{"ClassNo":"1","LessonType":"Seminar-Style Module Class","WeekText":"Every Week","DayText":"Thursday","StartTime":"1400","EndTime":"1700","Venue":"AS6-0214"},{"ClassNo":"1","LessonType":"Seminar-Style Module Class","WeekText":"Every Week","DayText":"Friday","StartTime":"1000","EndTime":"1300","Venue":"AS6-0214"}],"CorsBiddingStats":[{"AcadYear":"2014/2015","Semester":"1","Round":"1A","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"9","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2014/2015","Semester":"1","Round":"1A","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Engineering","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2014/2015","Semester":"1","Round":"1B","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"9","Bidders":"1","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"1","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2014/2015","Semester":"1","Round":"1B","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Engineering","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2014/2015","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"8","Bidders":"1","LowestBid":"602","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"602","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2014/2015","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Engineering","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2014/2015","Semester":"1","Round":"2A","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"12","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P] and NUS Students [G]"},{"AcadYear":"2013/2014","Semester":"1","Round":"1A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"41","Bidders":"3","LowestBid":"17","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"250","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2013/2014","Semester":"1","Round":"1A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Engineering","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2013/2014","Semester":"1","Round":"1B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"38","Bidders":"5","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"100","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2013/2014","Semester":"1","Round":"1B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Engineering","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2013/2014","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"33","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2013/2014","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"1","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"1","Faculty":"Engineering","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2013/2014","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"2","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2013/2014","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Reserved for [G] in later round"},{"AcadYear":"2013/2014","Semester":"1","Round":"2A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"43","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P] and NUS Students [G]"},{"AcadYear":"2013/2014","Semester":"1","Round":"2A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"2","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2013/2014","Semester":"1","Round":"2B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"45","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P] and NUS Students [G]"},{"AcadYear":"2013/2014","Semester":"1","Round":"2B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"2","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2013/2014","Semester":"1","Round":"3A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"61","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2013/2014","Semester":"1","Round":"3B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"61","Bidders":"1","LowestBid":"12","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"12","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2012/2013","Semester":"1","Round":"1A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"28","Bidders":"5","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"150","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2012/2013","Semester":"1","Round":"1B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"23","Bidders":"3","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"69","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2012/2013","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"21","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2012/2013","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"2","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2012/2013","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Reserved for [G] in later round"},{"AcadYear":"2012/2013","Semester":"1","Round":"2A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"26","Bidders":"3","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"423","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P] and NUS Students [G]"},{"AcadYear":"2012/2013","Semester":"1","Round":"2A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"2","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2012/2013","Semester":"1","Round":"2B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"25","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P] and NUS Students [G]"},{"AcadYear":"2012/2013","Semester":"1","Round":"2B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"2","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2012/2013","Semester":"1","Round":"3A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"45","Bidders":"2","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"2","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2012/2013","Semester":"1","Round":"3B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"43","Bidders":"1","LowestBid":"530","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"530","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2011/2012","Semester":"1","Round":"1A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"22","Bidders":"13","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"302","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2011/2012","Semester":"1","Round":"1B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"9","Bidders":"8","LowestBid":"11","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"1201","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2011/2012","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"1","Bidders":"2","LowestBid":"2","LowestSuccessfulBid":"200","HighestBid":"200","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2011/2012","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"2","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2011/2012","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Reserved for [G] in later round"},{"AcadYear":"2011/2012","Semester":"1","Round":"2A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"6","Bidders":"5","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"10","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P] and NUS Students [G]"},{"AcadYear":"2011/2012","Semester":"1","Round":"2A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"2","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2011/2012","Semester":"1","Round":"2B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"7","Bidders":"3","LowestBid":"5","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"250","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P] and NUS Students [G]"},{"AcadYear":"2011/2012","Semester":"1","Round":"2B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"2","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2011/2012","Semester":"1","Round":"3A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"30","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2011/2012","Semester":"1","Round":"3B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"31","Bidders":"1","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"1","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2010/2011","Semester":"1","Round":"1A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"38","Bidders":"36","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"501","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2010/2011","Semester":"1","Round":"1B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"2","Bidders":"9","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1072","HighestBid":"1671","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2010/2011","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"2","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2010/2011","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Reserved for [G] in later round"},{"AcadYear":"2010/2011","Semester":"1","Round":"2A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"8","Bidders":"20","LowestBid":"100","LowestSuccessfulBid":"670","HighestBid":"1635","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P] and NUS Students [G]"},{"AcadYear":"2010/2011","Semester":"1","Round":"2A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"2","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2010/2011","Semester":"1","Round":"2B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"3","Bidders":"9","LowestBid":"384","LowestSuccessfulBid":"777","HighestBid":"868","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P] and NUS Students [G]"},{"AcadYear":"2010/2011","Semester":"1","Round":"2B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"2","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2010/2011","Semester":"1","Round":"3A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"18","Bidders":"23","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"100","HighestBid":"1317","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2010/2011","Semester":"1","Round":"3B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"1","Bidders":"3","LowestBid":"319","LowestSuccessfulBid":"506","HighestBid":"506","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2009/2010","Semester":"1","Round":"1A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"75","Bidders":"117","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"210","HighestBid":"3300","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2009/2010","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"1","Bidders":"11","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1585","HighestBid":"1585","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2009/2010","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"10","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2009/2010","Semester":"1","Round":"1C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Reserved for [G] in later round"},{"AcadYear":"2009/2010","Semester":"1","Round":"2A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"17","LowestBid":"285","LowestSuccessfulBid":"780","HighestBid":"1320","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P] and NUS Students [G]"},{"AcadYear":"2009/2010","Semester":"1","Round":"2A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"10","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2009/2010","Semester":"1","Round":"2B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"2","Bidders":"9","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1089","HighestBid":"1127","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P] and NUS Students [G]"},{"AcadYear":"2009/2010","Semester":"1","Round":"2B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"10","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2009/2010","Semester":"1","Round":"3A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"10","Bidders":"19","LowestBid":"61","LowestSuccessfulBid":"477","HighestBid":"844","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2008/2009","Semester":"2","Round":"1A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"75","Bidders":"103","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"130","HighestBid":"1547","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2008/2009","Semester":"2","Round":"1A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"10","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2008/2009","Semester":"2","Round":"1B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"10","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2008/2009","Semester":"2","Round":"2A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"10","Bidders":"17","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"800","HighestBid":"1500","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students and New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2008/2009","Semester":"2","Round":"2A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Reserved for [G] in later round"},{"AcadYear":"2008/2009","Semester":"2","Round":"2B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"1","Bidders":"5","LowestBid":"250","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1716","HighestBid":"1716","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students and New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2008/2009","Semester":"2","Round":"2B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Reserved for [G] in later round"},{"AcadYear":"2008/2009","Semester":"2","Round":"2C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"15","LowestBid":"50","LowestSuccessfulBid":"488","HighestBid":"1001","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2008/2009","Semester":"2","Round":"3B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"3","Bidders":"12","LowestBid":"178","LowestSuccessfulBid":"699","HighestBid":"1288","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2006/2007","Semester":"2","Round":"1A","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"30","Bidders":"38","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"908","HighestBid":"2000","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2006/2007","Semester":"2","Round":"1A","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"3","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2006/2007","Semester":"2","Round":"1B","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"3","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2006/2007","Semester":"2","Round":"2A","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"3","Bidders":"5","LowestBid":"300","LowestSuccessfulBid":"2000","HighestBid":"2900","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students and New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2006/2007","Semester":"2","Round":"2A","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Reserved for [G] in later round"},{"AcadYear":"2006/2007","Semester":"2","Round":"2B","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Reserved for [G] in later round"},{"AcadYear":"2006/2007","Semester":"2","Round":"2C","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"6","Bidders":"9","LowestBid":"100","LowestSuccessfulBid":"290","HighestBid":"2195","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2006/2007","Semester":"2","Round":"3B","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"1","Bidders":"5","LowestBid":"100","LowestSuccessfulBid":"935","HighestBid":"935","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2005/2006","Semester":"2","Round":"1A","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"35","Bidders":"36","LowestBid":"50","LowestSuccessfulBid":"100","HighestBid":"2188","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2005/2006","Semester":"2","Round":"1A","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2005/2006","Semester":"2","Round":"1B","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2005/2006","Semester":"2","Round":"2A","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"7","Bidders":"2","LowestBid":"800","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"800","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students and New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2005/2006","Semester":"2","Round":"2A","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [G]"},{"AcadYear":"2005/2006","Semester":"2","Round":"2B","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"9","Bidders":"2","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"3","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students and New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2005/2006","Semester":"2","Round":"2B","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [G]"},{"AcadYear":"2005/2006","Semester":"2","Round":"2C","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"14","Bidders":"4","LowestBid":"5","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"750","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2005/2006","Semester":"2","Round":"3A","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"10","Bidders":"5","LowestBid":"100","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"2180","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2005/2006","Semester":"2","Round":"3B","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"2","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"45","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2005/2006","Semester":"2","Round":"3C","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"4","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2005/2006","Semester":"2","Round":"3D","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"1","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"1","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2005/2006","Semester":"2","Round":"3E","Group":"Seminar-Style Module Class 1","Quota":"7","Bidders":"2","LowestBid":"10","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"50","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2004/2005","Semester":"2","Round":"1A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"20","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2004/2005","Semester":"2","Round":"1A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"70","Bidders":"34","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"1100","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2004/2005","Semester":"2","Round":"1B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"20","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2004/2005","Semester":"2","Round":"1B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"36","Bidders":"6","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"200","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2004/2005","Semester":"2","Round":"2A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"51","Bidders":"5","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"100","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students and New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2004/2005","Semester":"2","Round":"2A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [G]"},{"AcadYear":"2004/2005","Semester":"2","Round":"2B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"50","Bidders":"1","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"1","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"Returning Students and New Students [P]"},{"AcadYear":"2004/2005","Semester":"2","Round":"2B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"5","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [G]"},{"AcadYear":"2004/2005","Semester":"2","Round":"2C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"56","Bidders":"4","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"484","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2004/2005","Semester":"2","Round":"3A","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"55","Bidders":"2","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"1","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2004/2005","Semester":"2","Round":"3B","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"54","Bidders":"3","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"19","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2004/2005","Semester":"2","Round":"3C","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"52","Bidders":"2","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"1","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2004/2005","Semester":"2","Round":"3D","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"52","Bidders":"1","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"1","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2004/2005","Semester":"2","Round":"3E","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"51","Bidders":"0","LowestBid":"0","LowestSuccessfulBid":"0","HighestBid":"0","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"},{"AcadYear":"2004/2005","Semester":"2","Round":"3F","Group":"Lecture 1","Quota":"51","Bidders":"1","LowestBid":"1","LowestSuccessfulBid":"1","HighestBid":"1","Faculty":"Arts & Social Sciences","StudentAcctType":"NUS Students [P, G]"}],"LecturePeriods":["Thursday Afternoon","Friday Morning"]}